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Perfect “Shot” By SP Dr. Ajay Pal Sharma Of Rampur, India and Crime Need Officers Like Him

The India Saga Saga |

The Rampur police, in an encounter, shot a person named Nazil, who was accused of abducting, raping and subsequently killing a 6-year-old minor girl on May 7 in Rampur district, Uttar Pradesh. SP of Rampur Ajay Pal Sharma, who is known for neutralizing criminals, shot the accused in both the legs during an encounter.

SP of Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Dr. Ajay Pal Sharma has at least nine encounter deaths to his credit and claims to have injured around 190 alleged criminals in other encounters. A former dentist, Sharma is a 2011-batch IPS officer hails from Ludhiana.

The police have also recovered the dead body of the minor victim on Saturday, confirmed the Superintendent of police, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh.

Talking to media the Rampur police confirmed that the civil line Rampur police got engaged in an encounter with Nazil, who was absconding after executing the crime. Encounter specialist IPS Dr. Ajay Pal Sharma shot three rounds at Nazil. The accused was arrested after he injured both his legs in the encounter. The police admitted him to a local hospital where is recovering, confirmed the police.

Disturbingly, such incidents of sexual abuse against children have become rampant in India. Today, we had reported how a man named Tausif Imran Khan (19) in Vadodara had repeatedly raped a 14-year-old class X girl and recorded her on his mobile phone. Allegedly the man had also attempted to brainwash her to convert to Islam by taking her to various religious places.

In yet another horrific incident, a teen boy was allegedly raped by four men of his village in the Puwaya area in Shahjahanpur. The incident took place on June 17th evening when the four accused forcibly took the 13-year-old boy to an orchard and allegedly raped him, said the police.

On June 9, a man named Shahnawaj was caught red-handed after he raped a 9-year old Dalit girl. Shahnawaj, a native of the town, had called the victim to his place on the pretext of giving her some clothes. As soon as the victim reached his place, he took her inside a room and allegedly raped her.

Similarly, on June 14, a 55-year-old man, Kalam Ansari was caught raping a 10-year-old girl Meera (name changed) on June 10.

In a similar deplorable incident at Aligarh, a Muslim man named Zahid had brutally choked a minor girl, Tina Sharma (name changed) to death over an argument with her family regarding a small loan amount. The brutal incident had shocked the conscience of the nation.

Zahid had brutally choked Tina with a dupatta (scarf) and hid the body in his house in a straw bag. After three days when the corpse started emitting a foul smell, Zahid threw Tina in a pile of trash. Tina’s body was completely decomposed with her eyes gouged out.

News Source – OpIndia

Shocking Case Of Medical Negligence In Gurugram: Left Kidney Punctured Instead Of Right

The India Saga Saga |

Yet another shocking case of medical negligence came to fore in Gurugram where the doctors risked the life of a patient in an attempt to hide their folly. The doctors punctured the left kidney of a patient, who was diagnosed with stones in her right kidney.

Having realized their mistake, the surgeon then operated her right kidney to remove the kidney stone. Due to the callousness of the hospital and the patient started bleeding profusely but the hospital administration continued to hide the entire issue until the case went out of their hands. Realizing the gravity of the situation, the family members of patient shifted to another hospital Medanta, the family was shocked to know about Pushpanjali hospital’s blunder and their attempts to cover-up.

The patient, Sheela Devi – who is a resident of Rohtak – and her husband registered a complaint with the police and the Health Minister of Haryana about the gross medical negligence and sought justice.

Sheela Devi’s husband Ajay Kumar, who is an advocate by profession, informed that his wife was admitted to Pushpanjali Hospital (Gurugram) on May 27, 2019, after she was diagnosed with a stone in her right kidney. On May 28, Dr. SP Yadav said that they’ll perform an endoscopy to remove the stone.

Ajay Kumar has alleged that her wife was operated by Dr. SP Yadav’s wife and not him. “The lady doctor was completely unaware about the medical condition of the patient and she punctured the left kidney instead of right. While her husband was continually busy on mobile phone and didn’t even care to have a look at the patient. Having realised her folly, their doctors then punctured the right kidney of my wife and quickly performed the surgery and removed the stone. According to medical practitioners, both the kidneys couldn’t be operated at the same time because it is risk-prone but the doctors here played with the life of my wife to cover up their blunder.”

“Moreover, when my wife came out of the operation theatre she was bleeding profusely to which Dr. SP Yadav said it happened by mistake and he assured they’ll take care of it. Later, they took the patient again to the operation theatre and a stent was inserted in her kidney but that worsened things. Her stomach started swelling and when her condition got out of their control, they referred us to Medanta Hospital.

“The doctors at Medanta Medicity revealed us about the negligence performed during the surgery in the first place. The surgeons here informed that both the kidneys should not be touched upon at the same time during a surgery hence the doctors at Pushpanjali risked the life of the patient,” he complained further.

The victim has now submitted a complaint to the Commissioner of Police, Health Minister (Haryana), Chief Minister, and Medical Council of India and requested to investigate the entire matter.

The victim has also registered a complaint with Chief Minister Grievances Redress and Monitoring Cell in Haryana. The concerned office has assured that they have taken cognizance of the matter and are looking into it.

Know How To Apply For Startup India – CRPF Grand Challenge

The India Saga Saga |

Central Reserve Police Force, through this challenge, is looking for new concepts & innovations in the areas identified. The objective of this program is to address critical issues hampering the growth of the security sector in the country by leveraging technical expertise and best fundamental concepts thus helping talented and creative innovators to pursue promising avenues at the frontier of technology. 

The program provides a unique opportunity to innovative startups in the security sector having a commercially viable and innovative solution to address the key challenges in the security forces.

Themes for Challenges

Effective utilization of Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS)/UAVs against insurgents

Develop highly effective sensors and tracking devices for RPAS/UAV system(s) to detect and identify insurgents hiding under thick foliage/tree canopies.

Shoes against spikes

Develop terrain agnostic shoes to protect against hidden iron/bamboo made spikes causing fatal injuries to troops.

Controlling blood loss

Development of lightweight, sterile hemostatic agents/drugs/equipment/bandages to control excessive bleeding loss.

Application closes on July 31st, 2019.

Procedure Post Submission

First phase results: 19th August 2019

Winner Announcement: 16th September 2019

Fiscal Incentives

INR 2 lakhs for winner

(one winner per problem statement to be awarded)

Apply Now

CM KC Rao Launched Medigadda Pump House

The India Saga Saga |

MEDIGADDA, June 21: The prestigious and world’s biggest lift irrigation scheme Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project inaugurated by Telangana Chief Minister K. Chandra Sekhar Rao on Friday. By switching on the motor in the Medigadda Pump House at Kannepalli Village in the presence of Governor of Andhrapradesh and Telangana ESL Narsimhan and YS Jaganmohan Reddy, Chief Minister Andhra Pradesh the Godavari river water pumped through the delivery cistern. After visiting the forebay, all the dignitaries unveiled the pylon with Veda mantras and Ashirvachanams. The guests inspected the pump house. Mr. PV Krishnareddy, Managing Director, MEIL explained the salient features of the project to chief guests. By seeing the water at delivery cistern there was a huge applause. 

Each pump with an operating capacity of 40 MWs has released 60 Cusecs of water through delivery cistern into the gravitational canal (13.5 Kms). Earlier water traversed from pump (pressure main) through delivery main up to 1.53 Kms. This water through the gravitational canal will reach the upper part of Annaram Barrage. While lifting the water Megha Engineering Infrastructure Limited (MEIL) has surpassed its own record.

Medigadda is the first Pumping Station in a chain of total 20 pumping stations of mega Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP).  It has the distinction as the biggest pump house in the country. For lifting and transporting Godavari water to the upper reaches, MEIL is constructing this unique pump house at Medigadda in Kannepalli village of Mahadevpur Mandal in Jayashankar Bhupalapalli District.  There are 17 pumps in this pump house, each with a capacity of 40 MWs.  And this is the only pump house in the entire country with a rare distinction of having more number of pumps to lift the water. 

On this auspicious occasion Mr. PV Krishna Reddy that, “It is honor to be part in building world’s biggest pump house. The MEIL’s vast experience and expertise in executing the lift irrigation projects helped us to complete this project in a record time of two years.”

For Kaleshwaram Project, lifting of water from Godavari River would start from Medigadda itself. The biggest pump house in the world is constructed at this place for this purpose. As part of Kaleshwaram Project, Package–8 works are taken up at Lakshmipur with 7 units, each unit with a capacity of 139 MWs.  Under Package-6, there are 7 units with a capacity of 124 MWs; in Package -10, there are 4 Units with a capacity of  106 MWs and in Package -11,  4 Units have the capacity of 135 MWs. Among these except Package 6, all other works are being undertaken by MEIL. 

11 Units in Medigadda, 8 in Annaram, 9 in Sundilla and 7 Units in Package 8 are being established for this project.  There are 35 units in total will be completed by MEIL in the first phase; so far, it has completed works related to 26 units. Dry run (testing the motors) has been already successfully completed in these units and efforts are on for wet run (water pumping).

This biggest pump house is constructed in just one and half year time, with unique electromechanical and civil works. Approach canal with a capacity of 9.75 lakhs Cubic Meters, with walls of 51000 Cubic Meters have been completed. Construction of forebay (front area) for this pump house with a capacity of 45.73 Lakhs Cubic Meters is also completed.  MEIL has made it possible to complete all these works within the stipulated deadlines. It could complete a total work of 77.07 lakhs Cubic Meters, including 10.56 lakhs Cubic Meters works of Pressure Main and 10.50 lakhs Cubic Meters for Delivery cistern, in record-breaking time. 

News Source: Digpu

Beauty & Lifestyle blogger Anmol Bhatia: Fashion Doesn’t Define You, Rather You Define Your Own

The India Saga Saga |

Anmol Bhatia’s popularity on her social media pages has increased rapidly in the past few months. She is one of the most followed and loved fashion, beauty and lifestyle bloggers. Anmol, a girl from Delhi with lots of dreams in her eyes and amazing talent of fashion, beauty, and trends has gained up to 370k followers on her Instagram page. People admire her work and love how she keeps them updated with trends and beauty tips all the time.

Anmol Bhatia answered what inspired her and interested her in the field of beauty and fashion. In a statement, the gorgeous blogger said, ” always used to adore my mother when she was getting ready and always tried to copy her. And As I grew up that interest grew with me, I used to love watching celebrities walk on the red carpet and the fashion magazines that came to my place.”

When asked what does fashion and beauty mean for her, she answered, “Fashion and beauty for me is confidence and being comfortable in my own skin and flaunting it the way I want. There are no rules when it comes to something like fashion because it is what you want it to be, fashion doesn’t define you, rather you define your own fashion.”

So does one have to keep themselves up-to-date with all the current fashion trends? Anmol shared her view stating, “It is totally up to a person, but it is always super fun to know the latest trends and then give it your own touch, make it your own and style it and carry it the way you want to!”

Staff Selection Commission (SSC) To Announce Result For Constable (GD) Soon

The India Saga Saga |

Staff Selection Commission conducted Constable (GD) in CAPFs, NIA, SSF and Rifleman (GD) in Assam Rifles Examination, 2018 from 11.02.2019 to 11.03.2019 in the Computer Based Mode. A total number of 30,41,284 candidates appeared in the said examination. The exams were held to fill 54,953 vacant posts.

Staff Selection Commission(SSC) will declare the results of SSC GD Constable exams tentatively on 21st June 2019 

As per the Notice of examination, candidates have been shortlisted for PET/ PST in an approximate ratio of 1:10 (vacancy: candidates). Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Classes (OBC) candidates securing less than 33% marks and Unreserved (UR) and Ex-Servicemen (ESM) candidates securing less than 35% marks have not been considered eligible for short-listing to the PET/ PST. 

It was a computer-based examination which had 100 objective questions of 100 marks. The paper had four sections and each section had 25 questions of one marks each.90 minutes were given to the candidates to solve the paper.

Any discrepancy with respect to the candidate’s data/ result may be brought to the Notice of the Commission by 31-07-2019 along with a copy of a printout of the Online Application Form. Any such representation received after 31-07-2019 will not be entertained by the Commission.

How to check results for the exam:

1. Visit the official website at ssc.nic.in.

2. On the homepage, click on ‘SSC GD Constable Result 2019’ link.

3. Enter the registration number and the date of birth printed on the admit card.

4. The result will be displayed on the screen.

5. Take a print out of the result for future use.

Candidates are selected based on Computer Based Test, Physical Efficiency Test, Physical Standard test followed by a medical examination. 

President says a New India in the making – Strong, Secure, Inclusive

The India Saga Saga |

NEW DELHI, June 20:  President Ram Nath Kovind on Thursday said the people have given a very clear mandate in this election for continuing uninterrupted and at an accelerated pace the journey of development that started in 2014.

In his customary address at the joint sitting of Parliament which marked the constitution of the 17th Lok Sabha, the President said the people have given even stronger support the second term of the government after assessing the performance during the first tenure.

In his hour-long address, the President touched upon almost all aspects of governance and broadly laid down the government’s vision, programmes and challenges for the next five years. He was flanked by Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu and newly elected Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla.

Among the parliamentarians in the packed Central Hall were Prime Minister Narendra Modi, flanked by leader in Rajya Sabha Thawar Chand Gehlot and leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha Ghulam Nabi Azad. UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi and Congress President Rahul Gandhi occupied seats on the next bench.  

Recalling that the people had elected in 2014 a government with absolute majority after three decades, the President said the government marched forward without any discrimination with the mantra of “Sabka Saath-Sabka Vikas’ , to create a New India

He said the government was dedicated to the goal of  improving the lives of all citizens and providing all basic amenities to the last person standing at the margins of society. 

He said that nearly half of the MPs in this Lok Sabha have been elected for the first time. The election of 78 women MPs which is the highest number in the history of Lok Sabha, presents the picture of a New India, he added.

Setting the tone for the government’s mission, he said: “My Government wants to make the people conscious, capable, well-provided and unfettered to such an extent that that they do not feel the “Burden, Force, or Absence” of the Government in their daily life. Empowering every person in the country is the main goal of my Government..’’

He said the Government is moving forward towards realising their aspirations of building a Strong, Safe, Prosperous and All-inclusive India. This journey is inspired by the basic spirit of ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas aur Sabka Vishwas’.

Noting that soon after swearing-in the Government has started working towards building a New India, the President outlined the salient features of the New India where equal opportunities to progress would be made available to every person and where life of every person becomes better with harmony binding the people with each other.

To pave the way for the golden future of New India, he said the Government has resolved to make the rural India will be strong and empowering urban India.

The President said that a decision has been taken to increase the income support to farmers by extending the coverage under ‘Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi’, to every farmer in the country and pension scheme for them has also been approved.

For the first time, he said the Government has taken note of the economic security of small shopkeepers. A separate ‘Pension Scheme’ has been approved for small shopkeepers and retail traders and about three crore small shopkeepers in the country will benefit from this scheme, he said.

Turning to the welfare of the soldiers, he said the amount of scholarship under the ‘National Defence Fund’ has been increased for the children of soldiers. For the first time, sons and daughters of the State police personnel have also been included in this scholarship.

Turning his focus to the key issues of climate change and global warming, the President said that water crisis is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century, cautioning that it would aggravate further.

“Over time, the traditional and effective practices of water conservation in our country are disappearing. Houses have come up over ponds and lakes, and the vanishing water sources have accentuated the water crisis for the poor,’’ he said adding that water conservation and management needs to be tackled in all seriousness.

He said the creation of the new ‘Ministry of Jalshakti’ is a decisive step in this direction, which will have far-reaching benefits.

He said that large scale investments have been made to strengthen rural India and in order to enhance agriculture productivity, an investment of Rs. 25 lakh crore will be made in the coming years.

The President said that comprehensive work is underway for the development of 112 ‘Aspirational Districts’ in the country where 1.13 lakh most backward villages were located.

Reiterating the Government’s commitment to make women equal stakeholders in the country’s development, he said in order to secure equal rights for every sister and daughter in the country, eradication of social evils like ‘Triple Talaq’ and ‘Nikah-Halala’ is imperative.

He said India has joined the league of countries with most number of start-ups in the world. To improve the start-up ecosystem, the Government is simplifying the rules and the goal is to establish 50,000 start-ups in the country by 2024.

He said two crore additional seats would be available for the youth in higher educational institutions by 2024.

Touching on economic development, he said India is now on the way to become the world’s 5th largest economy in terms of GDP. To maintain the high growth rate, reform process will continue. “It is our objective to make India a 5-trillion dollar economy by 2024,’’ he said.

The President said the campaign against black money will be taken forward at a faster pace and the ‘Fugitive and Economic Offenders Act’ has proved to be effective in controlling fugitive economic offenders.

“Now we are receiving information in this regard from 146 countries, including Switzerland. Of these, we have concluded agreements with 80 countries for automatic exchange of information. We are now receiving information about all those who have stashed black money abroad,’’ he said.

The President said India is marching forward to assume a leadership role in unravelling and comprehending the mysteries of space. “Our scientists are involved in the preparations for the launch of ‘Chandrayaan-2’, which will be India’s first spacecraft to reach the Moon. We are also making rapid progress towards achieving the goal of sending the first Indian in India’s own ‘Gaganyaan’ by 2022,’’ he said.

Stating that India has acquired a new image and its relations with other countries have become stronger, Mr. Kovind said it is a matter of immense pleasure that in 2022, India will host the G-20 Summit.

Referring to the Government’s “Neighborhood First” policy, he said it was an evidence of India’s approach of according priority to South Asia.

He said the Government accorded top most priority to national security and effective steps are being taken to tackle Terrorism and Naxalism.

“India has amply demonstrated both her intent and capabilities, first through surgical strikes and then through air strikes after the Pulwama attack at terrorist hideouts across the border. In future too, all possible steps will be taken to ensure our security,’’ he said.

Noting that illegal infiltrators pose a major threat to internal security, he said it was leading to social imbalance in many parts of the country, as well as putting a huge pressure on limited livelihood opportunities. He said the government has decided to implement the process of ‘National Register of Citizens’ on priority basis in areas affected by infiltration. Security along the border will be further strengthened to prevent infiltration.

On the situation in Jammu and Kashmir, he said the Government is committed to take all necessary steps for the development of the border State.

On the modernisation of the armed forces, he said India is going to receive the delivery of first ‘Rafale’ fighter aircraft and ‘Apache’ helicopters soon.

“The policy of indigenously manufacturing weapons such as modern rifles and cannons, tanks and combat aircrafts is being carried forward successfully. ‘Defence Corridors’ coming up in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu will further strengthen this mission. While fulfilling our security requirements, export of defence equipment is also being encouraged,’’ the President said.

He said that ‘One Nation – Simultaneous Elections’ is the need of the hour, which would facilitate accelerated development. 

Reporting inside An ICU, Journalism Takes A Nose Dive

The India Saga Saga |

While studying in Kota (Rajasthan), I once encountered an incident in a city shopping mall that left a lifelong imprint on my mind. A specially-abled person was trying to get out of an elevator. It was a compartment loaded with around eight-nine persons going towards the ground floor. Carrying a black folding cane in his left hand, the man, probably in his 40s, was set up to get out.  I was standing on the adjacent right-hand side to that man, noticing every detail of how he maneuvers normal routine chores at such ease. As soon as the lift would approach the concourse, a gentleman standing behind offered him a helping hand. The elevator hit the ground, people behind pushed us, the crowd waiting outside tried to forcibly get in even before the lift was not vacated and the guy with the cane fell on the ground. It left the man, who was helping the specially-abled guy, red-faced. He abused the culprits and reprimanded them saying, “Andhe ho kya? (Are you blind?)”. I tried to rescue the guy but he refused another help this time. He stood up and gently told the man who abused with a smile, “Isse achha aap meri madad hi naheen karte (Better if you won’t have helped)”. That moment a visually impaired man while settling his black cane had taught all of us the lesson of sensitivity for life.

A well-known anchor of Aaj Tak channel, Anjana Om Kashyap, visited the Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) affected children at Sri Krishna Medical College Hospital at Muzaffarpur, Bihar, on Tuesday, after 17 days and 129 deaths. She assumed that she was on a noble cause for the unheard, marginalized and malnourished children of Bihar but unfortunately it was more of an ‘AES Tourism’. She created ruckus inside the ICU. As she did the piece to camera inside an ‘Intensive Care Unit’ (ICU) of the hospital, journalism took a deep plunge down exposing her fundamentals of journalism and sensitivity.

Stupid Journalism in the race of TRP 

Tied or covered hair of nurses/doctors, no sleepers/shoes/sandals and cacophony are the foremost essentials and protocols followed in an ICU anywhere in this world. Contrary to all these medical ethics and practices, anchor Anjana Om Kashyap entered an ICU equipped with hundreds of AES affected children and reported right in the middle of it. Her untied hair she kept parting sometimes, a giant microphone with tons of emitting radiations and germs, probably wearing a pair of flip-flops or pair of sandals and shouting her lungs out in front of the ailing children, she left no stone unturned to certifying her irresponsible and stupid journalism in the race of TRP. She didn’t care about the hygiene of the ailing children.

Doctors/Sisters cannot be made scapegoat

In an utter bizarre, insensitive and outrageous manner, she placed the microphone right above an ailing child and asked the doctors why they were not attending to the patients. Moreover, defying all humanitarian’s quotient and journalism’s ethics, she obstructed the path of a doctor (Krishna Kumar Das, a Pediatrician at SKMCH), held the stretcher and confronted him. For what? For doing his job? What is the fault of the doctors and nurses? They are working relentlessly without having a proper meal and nap.

The ratio of patients and doctors is 100:1. Are they responsible for this mismanagement? No. The onus lies on the state and hospital machinery to keep a check on the facilities inside a hospital.

Why Not confront Higher Authorities?

What to say! It’s like cursing the commentators and smashing a TV set after India loses a match against Pakistan. It is like threatening a postmaster for delivering a court notice at my home address. Similarly, it is deplorable to confront and reprimand the doctors and nurses at SKMCH. They look overburdened with the quantum of work pressure they are trying to cope up with. Stressed and confused, the doctors kept answering Anjana’s question with great pious and calm. They have no locus standi to answer such questions.  

Anjana made a very smart move as she visited the hospital after Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar’s departure from SKMCH. She didn’t even care to confront the health minister Bihar (Mangal Pandey) and Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare (Ashwini K Choubey), either. Dare she could ask questions to Union Health Minister, Dr. Harsh Vardhan. She picked up the easiest and innocent target as doctors and nurses. 

Anjana’s brainless reporting has exposed the deteriorating level of TV journalism in this age of TRP and competitiveness. She harassed the doctors and interrupted their practices which are considered felony under Indian Penal Code. The Indian Medical Association (IMA) must ask the channel for an apology and take strict action against the channel and the anchor. She jeopardized the health and lives of hundreds of children fighting for life at SKMCH, Muzaffarpur.

If it journalism then I suggest she must do a crash course in journalism from a good college, but, before that, she desperately needs to sit with some of the senior journalists of Aaj Tak and learn lessons on sensitivity, there are plenty.      

MIT-Developed Cryptographic System Is Helping Better Protect Your Data

The India Saga Saga |

The system automatically writes optimized algorithms to encrypt data in Google Chrome browsers and web applications.

Nearly every time you open up a secure Google Chrome browser, a new MIT-developed cryptographic system is helping better protect your data.

In a paper presented at the recent IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, MIT researchers detail a system that, for the first time, automatically generates optimized cryptography code that’s usually written by hand. Deployed in early 2018, the system is now being widely used by Google and other tech firms.

The paper now demonstrates for other researchers in the field how automated methods can be implemented to prevent human-made errors in generating crypto code, and how key adjustments to components of the system can help achieve higher performance.

To secure online communications, cryptographic protocols run complex mathematical algorithms that do some complex arithmetic on large numbers. Behind the scenes, however, a small group of experts writes and rewrite those algorithms by hand. For each algorithm, they must weigh various mathematical techniques and chip architectures to optimize for performance. When the underlying math or architecture changes, they essentially start over from scratch. Apart from being labor-intensive, this manual process can produce nonoptimal algorithms and often introduces bugs that are later caught and fixed.

Researchers from the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) instead designed “Fiat Cryptography,” a system that automatically generates — and simultaneously verifies — optimized cryptographic algorithms for all hardware platforms. In tests, the researchers found their system can generate algorithms that match the performance of the best-handwritten code, but much faster.

The researchers’ automatically generated code has populated Google’s BoringSSL, an open-source cryptographic library. Google Chrome, Android apps, and other programs use BoringSSL to generate the various keys and certificates used to encrypt and decrypt data. According to the researchers, about 90 percent of secure Chrome communications currently run their code.

“Cryptography is implemented by doing arithmetic on large numbers. [Fiat Cryptography] makes it more straightforward to implement the mathematical algorithms … because we automate the construction of the code and provide proofs that the code is correct,” says paper co-author Adam Chlipala, a CSAIL researcher and associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science and head of the Programming Languages and Verification group. “It’s basically like taking a process that ran in human brains and understanding it well enough to write code that mimics that process.”

Joining Chlipala on the paper are: first author Andres Erbsen and co-authors Jade Philipoom and Jason Gross, who are all CSAIL graduate students; as well as Robert Sloan MEng ’17.

Splitting the bits

Cryptography protocols use mathematical algorithms to generate public and private keys, which are basically a long string of bits. Algorithms use these keys to provide secure communication channels between a browser and a server. One of the most popular efficient and secure families of cryptographic algorithms is called elliptical curve cryptography (ECC). Basically, it generates keys of various sizes for users by choosing numerical points at random along a numbered curved line on a graph.

Most chips can’t store such large numbers in one place, so they briefly split them into smaller digits that are stored on units called registers. But the number of registers and the amount of storage they provide varies from one chip to another. “You have to split the bits across a bunch of different places, but it turns out that how you split the bits has different performance consequences,” Chlipala says.

Traditionally, experts writing ECC algorithms manually implement those bit-splitting decisions in their code. In their work, the MIT researchers leveraged those human decisions to automatically generate a library of optimized ECC algorithms for any hardware.

Their researchers first explored existing implementations of handwritten ECC algorithms, in the C programming and assembly languages, and transferred those techniques into their code library. This generates a list of best-performing algorithms for each architecture. Then, it uses a compiler — a program that converts programming languages into code computers understand — that has been proven correct with a proofing tool, called Coq. Basically, all code produced by that compiler will always be mathematically verified. It then simulates each algorithm and selects the best-performing one for each chip architecture.

Next, the researchers are working on ways to make their compiler run even faster in searching for optimized algorithms.

Optimized compiling

There’s one additional innovation that ensures the system quickly selects the best bit-splitting implementations. The researchers equipped their Coq-based compiler with an optimization technique, called “partial evaluation,” which basically precomputes certain variables to speed things up during computation.

In the researchers’ system, it precomputes all the bit-splitting methods. When matching them to a given chip architecture, it immediately discards all algorithms that just won’t work for that architecture. This dramatically reduces the time it takes to search for the library. After the system zeroes in on the optimal algorithm, it finalizes the code compiling.

From that, the researchers then amassed a library of the best ways to split ECC algorithms for a variety of chip architectures. It’s now implemented in BoringSSL, so users are mostly drawing from the researchers’ code. The library can be automatically updated similarly for new architectures and new types of math.

“We’ve essentially written a library that, once and for all, is correct for every way you can possibly split numbers,” Chlipala says. “You can automatically explore the space of possible representations of the large numbers, compile each representation to measure the performance, and take whichever one runs fastest for a given scenario.”

Facebook Announces “Libra” A Simple Global Currency Built On The “Libra Blockchain”

The India Saga Saga |

Libra, a simple global currency that people can use for their everyday needs, built on the Libra Blockchain. The evolution of the Libra Blockchain will be overseen by the Libra Association, an independent not-for-profit headquartered in Geneva. The association will be responsible for facilitating the operation of the Libra Blockchain and managing the reserve that backs the currency. The Libra Association will consist of geographically distributed and diverse businesses, nonprofit and multilateral organizations, and academic institutions. 

The problem which are being addressed… 

• 1.7 billion people – 31% of the global adult population – remain unbanked, meaning they do not have access to an account at a financial institution or to mobile money. – World Bank, 2017 Global Findex report

• Approximately 8.4 million U.S. households, made up of 14.1 million adults and 6.4 million children, were unbanked in 2017. – FDIC, 2015 National Survey on Unbanked and Underbanked Households 

• Women are disproportionately excluded from financial systems, with nearly 1 billion left out of the formal financial system. Additionally, there is a persistent 9% gender gap in financial inclusion in developing economies. – Gates Foundation 

By increasing access to financial services… 

• $3.7 trillion (or 6%) of GDP could be added to the economies of developing countries by 2025 through the widespread adoption and use of digital financial services. – McKinsey Global Institute, 2016 Digital Finance For All

• Including unbanked adults in the formal financial system could generate $110 billion in global economies. – Accenture Banking Inclusion report 

And harnessing increased adoption of mobile broadband and the Internet… 

• Mobile phones and the internet offer strong opportunities for increased access: globally, 1 billion financially excluded adults own a mobile phone and about 480 million have internet access. – World Bank 2017 Findex report 

• There has been a significant increase in the use of mobile phones and the internet to conduct financial transactions. Between 2014 and 2017, this has contributed to a rise in the share of bank account owners sending or receiving payments digitally, from 67% to 76% globally and from 57% to 70% in the developing world. – The Global Findex Database 2017 

To enable people to send money to anyone, from anywhere for a low fee… 

• A total of $613 billion was sent globally across borders in 2017, with $466 billion going to low- and middle income countries. – World Bank Migration and Development Brief 

• On average, the cost to send $200 across borders is 7.1%. This fee is generally higher in developing nations; for instance the cost is 9.4% in Sub-Saharan Africa. – KNOMAD 2018 Migration and Development Brief 

• $25 billion is lost by migrants every year through remittance fees. – UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report 

And empowering businesses around the world. 

• Access to finance is a key constraint to SME growth. Without access to capital, many SMEs languish and stagnate. SMEs are less likely to be able to obtain bank loans than large firms; instead, they rely on internal funds, or cash from friends and family, to launch and initially run their enterprises. – World Bank SME Finance 

• Approximately 70% of all micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in emerging markets lack access to credit. – World Bank SME Finance